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Hurricanes, earthquakes and climate change

With what happened in Japan, some relate to climate change with the existence of the increase in earthquakes. It is true that in the case of hurricanes, there is a relationship between hurricane intensity and climate change. However, it does not look like the earthquakes, because currently there is nothing that has been linked unequivocally to earthquakes and climate change. Hurricane

One effect that has been studied in recent years is the increase of the duration and intensity of hurricanes and tropical storms, due to increased the surface temperature of the oceans, which favors their formation. According Aqua satellite data (NASA, 2008), for every degree centigrade rise in temperature of surface waters, there was an increase of 45% of high-altitude clouds, with greater susceptibility to become phenomena tropical storms and hurricanes.

the past 30 years, the intensity and extent thereof, shall be increased by 50% (Emanuel, 2005) and is expected to increase their strength by an average of 20% until 2100 (Knutson et al., 2010) .

is also possible that in future there may be a greater number of hurricanes like Katrina (Webster, 2005), since according to the analysis of the past 35 years, hurricanes have been category 4 or 5 is bent, such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which reached Category 5 on up to 5, in existence of a Gulf of Mexico with a higher temperature than normal.




AIRS image from NASA, taken the day before Katrina touched the American coast, where there was an increase in surface temperature and a higher than normal formation of clouds high height. NASA via





Earthquakes



Dugspr flickr photo

In recent days, due to the earthquake in Japan, some voices have been heard by relating to climate change, as did the Minister of Communication Bolivia, Ivan Canelas, relating to climate change. According

Canelas, the quake "is a product of the indiscriminate global warming that is generated as a result of this indiscriminate industrialization, for which the President has repeatedly gone to international organizations to denounce the excesses, but does not seem to make case. "

El Sol de Santa Cruz
The truth is that today,
no clear evidence of the existence of a relationship between climate change and tectonic earthquakes
.
should clarify the existence of a differentiation in the types of earthquakes with tectonic earthquakes and tectonic not produced by volcanoes or by human action.

The origin of 90% of the earthquakes is tectonic

, related to fracture zones or faults, that its effects are felt over large areas. Another type is caused by volcanic eruptions

, and there is a third group of earthquakes, local calls, which affect a very small region. These are due to subsidence of caves, underground caves and mine galleries or problems caused by solutions of layers of gypsum, salt or other substances, landslides or resting on clay layers. RENA



know there is a frequency of earthquakes, estimated between 30 and 40 years, with major earthquakes every 100 years, so in part, would undo the relationship between climate change and earthquakes; although it could give rise to the hypothesis of increased intensity as with hurricanes, although in that case, yes there is a clear (ocean temperature).

Some researchers have suggested the existence of a possible relationship as occurred in September 2009 in Climate Forcing
conference in London on geomorphological and geological faults,
in which it was suggested that climate change could have an effect and be responsible for taking energy from the balance of the land and produce effects in the crust.

In a series of studies published in 2010 in the Royal Society of London, concluded that there was evidence to say that climate change would cause a higher incidence of earthquakes, volcanoes, flooding ... However
as "one of the editors of the article, everything is a statistic that can give us results, but could not relate.
The conclusion is that as climate change increases the probability of occurrence of disasters. "It's basically a statistical problem," he told the BBC David Pyle, Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, and one of the editors of the publication. "There will be more floods, more rain, more landslides, but you can not be attributed to climate change this or that particular natural disaster." BBC

earthquakes and glaciers

In the same study, he joined the melting of ice sheets and sea level rise, increasing the pressure release and soil possible earthquakes, but the truth is we're talking about a very complex ecosystem that we do not know with certainty what happens, although in reality, what happens in these cases is that we are talking about different earthquakes, as they are
no
tectonic earthquakes, caused by melting glaciers or by volcanic activity.

In 2005, a NASA study observing the existence of earthquakes and melting of glaciers in Alaska, there was a relationship between melting -> increased earthquakes: GPS
Recent data suggest that earthquakes occur more frequently as the glaciers melt and disappear. The images above, based on satellite data, represent an area of \u200b\u200bglaciers in southern Alaska and all earthquakes of magnitude two or more that have occurred there since 1993. The size of the ring around each earthquake represents its relative magnitude. The first image was taken in 1993, the second in 1997 and third in 2003.
In a new study, scientists from NASA and United States Geological Survey (USGS) found that the retreat of glaciers in southern Alaska may open the door for more future earthquakes. The study examined the likelihood of increased earthquake activity in southern Alaska as a result of the disappearance of glaciers. As glaciers melt, lighten the load on the earth's crust. The tectonic plates that are mobile pieces of the earth's crust, can then move more freely.
The study appears in the July issue of the Journal of Global and Planetary Change. Jeanne Sauber of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA and Bruce Molnia, a geologist at the USGS, Reston, Virginia, used satellite data NASA and receivers global positioning system and computer models to study the movements of the plates and glaciers in the area discussed.

Glaciers of SE Alaska are very sensitive to climate change and many glaciers have shrunk or disappeared in the last 100 years. The trend seems to accelerate due to increased temperature and changes in form and intensity of precipitation.

SE Alaska in the tectonic plate pushes under the Pacific Ocean to the coast and created new mountains. The high mountains and precipitation are critical for the formation of glaciers. The collision of the plates creates tensions and pressures that eventually are released suddenly in earthquakes.

Meteored
In 2006 a study in Greenland, he turned to find the same relationship with an increase of seismic waves and the sliding of the blocks of ice from glaciers, which occurred with greater intensity and more often, which was associated with global change (Ekström, 2006).

the 136 earthquakes analyzed these phenomena in the region of magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.1 by finding a pattern of increases. From 1993 to 2002 documented about 15 earthquakes per year, increasing to 20 in 2003, 23 in 2004 and 32 in the first 10 months of 2005. These data fit well with the temperature increase measured by other means.
These tests show that the Greenland ice cap is more vulnerable than previously thought and temperature rise than previous models on these blocks of ice sinned optimistic.


Neofronteras

The summary of these strokes could draw is that there is a clear and proven that climate change causes more tectonic earthquakes but causing melting of glaciers and therefore if not tectonic earthquakes. As stated by Colin Stark, Research Associate at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, earthquakes are not increasing, but human risk itself.

really seems that large earthquakes have become more frequent in recent years, partly because their impact on society has increased as the city has grown and become more fragile, and partly because of the rarity giant earthquake and its tendency to cluster for statistical reasons and nothing else. It's a matter of perception and coincidence. CNN

If more and more people living in areas with high seismic activity such as Japan, Chile and the East Coast American is normal if there is an earthquake, the effects appear to be magnified, especially if the affected area is not suited to the high seismic activity in the area as happened with Japan and Chile, where the number of deaths was quite small compared to Haiti with a minor earthquake but was in an area not suited to seismic activity.



Lessons we have learned

Surely the earthquake in Japan, will be useful to have more data about the formation and effects at all levels has had the earthquake, as it occurred in an area as of Japan, a science powerhouse on the study of earthquakes and in tsunamis.

is especially interesting case of the tsunami, where we will learn lessons, and so far rarely been possible to obtain images of tsunamis since before landfall and enter their steps along the coastal areas and can follow how its passage and how they were its effects, so it may help us to study and improve infrastructure to reduce impacts of future tsunamis.

Más información


Nasa (2008).
NASA Study Links Severe Storm Increases, Global Warming
. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA.
Knutson et al. (2010). Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nature Geoscience 3, 157 - 163 (2010)

Emanuel, K. (2005). Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature 436: 686-688.

Webster P.J.; et al. (2005). Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment. Science Vol. 309 no. 5742 pp. 1844-1846

La desaparición de los glaciares de Alaska puede estimular la aparición de terremotos
Area

Ekström, 2006. Glacial Earthquakes Point to Rising Temperatures in Greenland - Earthquakes in the ice
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